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光纤光缆基础知识...

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xtpl898 发布于: 2010-3-28 08:10 1714 次浏览 1 位用户参与讨论
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<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">光纤光缆基础知识<span lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">一、光纤<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">1</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">、概述</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤和同轴电缆相似,只是没有网状屏蔽层。中心是光传播的玻璃芯。在多模光纤中,芯的直径是<span lang="EN-US">15mm~<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="50" unitname="mm">50mm</st1:chmetcnv></span>,大致与人的头发的粗细相当。而单模光纤芯的直径为<span lang="EN-US">8mm~<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="10" unitname="mm">10mm</st1:chmetcnv></span>。芯外面包围着一层折射率比芯低的玻璃封套,以使光纤保持在芯内。再外面的是一层薄的塑料外套,用来保护封套。光纤通常被扎成束,外面有外壳保护。纤芯通常是由石英玻璃制成的横截面积很小的双层同心圆柱体,它质地脆<span lang="EN-US">,</span>易断裂<span lang="EN-US">,</span>因此需要外加一保护层。其结构如图<span lang="EN-US">1</span>所示。<span lang="EN-US">25</span>。<span lang="EN-US">6<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">图<span lang="EN-US">1 </span>光纤刨面结构示意<span lang="EN-US"><br/><?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn="lineDrawn"  pixelLineWidth="pixelLineWidth"  0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1="1"  0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0="0"  0="0"  @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1="1"  2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600="21600"  pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600="21600"  pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0="0"  1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1="1"  2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600="21600"  pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600="21600"  0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600="21600"  pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600="21600"  0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:c o:extrusi></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape style="WIDTH: 340.5pt; HEIGHT: 147pt" id="_x0000_i1025" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:href="http://www.net130.com/netbass/Cable/fiber1.gif" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">陆地上的光纤通常埋在地下<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>处,有时会受到地下小动物的破坏。在靠近海岸的地方,越洋光纤外壳被埋在沟里。在深水中,它们处于底部,极有可能被鱼类咬坏或被渔船撞坏。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">2</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">、分类<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤主要分以下两大类<span lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">)传输点模数类<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">传输点模数类分单模光纤<span lang="EN-US">(Single Mode Fiber)</span>和多模光纤<span lang="EN-US">(Multi Mode Fiber)</span>。单模光纤的纤芯直径很小<span lang="EN-US">,</span>在给定的工作波长上只能以单一模式传输<span lang="EN-US">,</span>传输频带宽<span lang="EN-US">,</span>传输容量大。多模光纤是在给定的工作波长上<span lang="EN-US">,</span>能以多个模式同时传输的光纤。与单模光纤相比<span lang="EN-US">,</span>多模光纤的传输性能较差。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">2)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">折射率分布类<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">折射率分布类光纤可分为跳变式光纤和渐变式光纤。跳变式光纤纤芯的折射率和保护层的折射率都是一个常数。在纤芯和保护层的交界面<span lang="EN-US">,</span>折射率呈阶梯型变化。渐变式光纤纤芯的折射率随着半径的增加按一定规律减小<span lang="EN-US">,</span>在纤芯与保护层交界处减小为保护层的折射率。纤芯的折射率的变化近似于抛物线。折射率分布类光纤光束传输如图<span lang="EN-US">2</span>所示。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">图<span lang="EN-US">2 </span>光在折射率分布类光纤中的传输过程<span lang="EN-US"><br/><v:shape style="WIDTH: 317.25pt; HEIGHT: 239.25pt" id="_x0000_i1026" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:href="http://www.net130.com/netbass/Cable/fiber2.gif" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">3</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">、连接方式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤有三种连接方式。首先,可以将它们接入连接头并插入光纤插座。连接头要损耗<span lang="EN-US">10%</span>到<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>的光,但是它使重新配置系统很容易。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">第二,可以用机械方法将其接合。方法是将两根小心切割好的光纤的一端放在一个套管中,然后钳起来。可以让光纤通过结合处来调整,以使信号达到最大。机械结合需要训练过的人员花大约<span lang="EN-US">5</span>分钟的时间完成,光的损失大约为<span lang="EN-US">10%</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">第三,两根光纤可以被融合在一起形成坚实的连接。融合方法形成的光纤和单根光纤差不多是相同的,但也有一点衰减。对于这三种连接方法,结合处都有反射,并且反射的能量会和信号交互作用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">4</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">、发送和接收<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">有两种光源可被用作信号源:发光二极管<span lang="EN-US">LED(light-emitting diode)</span>和半导体激光<span lang="EN-US">ILD(injection laser diode)</span>。它们有着不同的特性,如下表。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<div align="center">
<table style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt" class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes">
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 98.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="132">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 华文细黑; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">项目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 70.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="94">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 华文细黑; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">LED<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 114.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="153">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 华文细黑; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">半导体激光<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1">
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 98.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="132">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">数据速率<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 70.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="94">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">低<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 114.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="153">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">高<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2">
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 98.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="132">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 70.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="94">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">多模<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 114.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="153">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">多模或单模<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3">
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 98.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="132">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">距离<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 70.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="94">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">短<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 114.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="153">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">长<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4">
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 98.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="132">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">生命期<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 70.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="94">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">长<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 114.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="153">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">短<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5">
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 98.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="132">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">温度敏感性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 70.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="94">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">较小<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 114.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="153">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">较敏感<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes">
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 98.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="132">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">造价<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 70.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="94">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">低造价<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td>
<td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; WIDTH: 114.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="153">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">昂贵<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤的接收端由光电二极管构成,在遇到光时,它给出一个点脉冲。光电二极管的响应时间一般为<span lang="EN-US">1ns</span>,这就是把数据传输速率限制在<span lang="EN-US">1Gb/s</span>内的原因。热噪声也是个问题,因此光脉冲必须具有足够的能量以便被检测到。如果脉冲能量足够强,则出错率可以降到非常低的水平。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">5</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">、接口<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">目前使用的接口有两种。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="COLOR: red">无源接口</span></b>由两个街头熔于主光纤形成。接头的一端有一个发光二极管或激光二极管(用于发送)。另一端有一个光电二极管(用于接收)。接头本身是完全无源的,因而是非常可靠的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">另一种接口被称作<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="COLOR: red">有源中继器<span lang="EN-US">(</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">active repeater)</span>。输入光在中继器中被转变成电信号,如果信号已经减弱,则重新放大到最强度,然后转变成光再发送出去。连接计算机的是一根进入信号再生器的普通铜线。现在已有了纯粹的光中继器,这种设备不需要光电转换,因而可以以非常高的带宽运行。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">二、光缆<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光导纤维是一种传输光束的细微而柔韧的媒质。光导纤维电缆由一捆纤维组成<span lang="EN-US">,</span>简称为光缆。光缆是数据传输中最有效的一种传输介质<span lang="EN-US">,</span>它有以下几个优点<span lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">频带较宽。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>(2)</span>电磁绝缘性能好。光纤电缆中传输的是光束<span lang="EN-US">,</span>由于光束不受外界电磁干扰与影响<span lang="EN-US">,</span>而且本身也不向外辐射信号<span lang="EN-US">,</span>因此它适用于长距离的信息传输以及要求高度安全的场合。当然<span lang="EN-US">,</span>抽头困难是它固有的难题<span lang="EN-US">,</span>因为割开的光缆需要再生和重发信号。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>(3)</span>衰减较小。可以说在较长距离和范围内信号是一个常数。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>(4)</span>中继器的间隔较大<span lang="EN-US">,</span>因此可以减少整个通道中继器的数目<span lang="EN-US">,</span>可降低成本。根据贝尔实验室的测试<span lang="EN-US">,</span>当数据的传输速率为<span lang="EN-US">420Mbps</span>且距离为<span lang="EN-US">119</span>公里无中继器时<span lang="EN-US">,</span>其误码率为<span lang="EN-US">10—8,</span>可见其传输质量很好。而同轴电缆和双绞线每隔几千米就需要接一个中继器。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">在使用光缆互联多个小型机的应用中<span lang="EN-US">,</span>必须考虑光纤的单向特性<span lang="EN-US">,</span>如果要进行双向通信<span lang="EN-US">,</span>那么就应使用双股光纤。由于要对不同频率的光进行多路传输和多路选择<span lang="EN-US">,</span>因此在通信器件市场上又出现了光学多路转换器。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">在普通计算机网络中安装光缆是从用户设备开始的。因为光缆只能单向传输。为了实现双向通信<span lang="EN-US">,</span>光缆就必需成对出现<span lang="EN-US">,</span>一个用于输入<span lang="EN-US">,</span>一个用于输出。光缆两端接光学接口器。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">安装光缆需格外谨慎。连接每条光缆时都要磨光端头<span lang="EN-US">,</span>通过电烧烤或化学环氯工艺与光学接口连在一起<span lang="EN-US">,</span>确保光通道不被阻塞。光纤不能拉得太紧<span lang="EN-US">,</span>也不能形成直角。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤的类型由模材料<span lang="EN-US">(</span>玻璃或塑料纤维<span lang="EN-US">)</span>及芯和外层尺寸决定<span lang="EN-US">,</span>芯的尺寸大小决定光的传输质量。常用的光纤缆有<span lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  36pt="36pt"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">·<span lang="EN-US">8.3μm </span>芯、<span lang="EN-US">125μm </span>外层、单模。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>·<span lang="EN-US">62.5μm </span>芯、<span lang="EN-US">125μm</span>外层、多模。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>·<span lang="EN-US">50μm </span>芯、<span lang="EN-US">125μm</span>外层、 多模。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>·<span lang="EN-US">100μm </span>芯、<span lang="EN-US">140μm</span>外层、多模。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"> <b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">三、 光纤通信系统及其构成</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><br/></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">1</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">、光纤通信系统<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤通信系统是以光波为载体、光导纤维为传输媒体的通信方式<span lang="EN-US">,</span>起主导作用的是光源、光纤、光发送机和光接收机。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">·光源是光波产生的根源。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>·光纤是传输光波的导体。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>·光发送机的功能是产生光束<span lang="EN-US">,</span>将电信号转变成光信号<span lang="EN-US">,</span>再把光信号导入光纤。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>·光接收机的功能负责接收从光纤上传输的光信号<span lang="EN-US">,</span>并将它转变成电信号<span lang="EN-US">,</span>经解码后再作相应<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">处理。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US">2</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">、组成<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤通信系统的基本构成如图<span lang="EN-US">3</span>所示<span lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">图<span lang="EN-US">3 </span>光纤通信系统的基本构成<span lang="EN-US"><br/><v:shape style="WIDTH: 358.5pt; HEIGHT: 103.5pt" id="_x0000_i1027" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:href="http://www.net130.com/netbass/Cable/fiber3.gif" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤通信系统的主要优点有<span lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  18pt; mso-list: l1="l1"  level1="level1"  lfo1; tab-stops: list="list"  18.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(1)<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">传输频带宽<span lang="EN-US">,</span>通信容量大。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  18pt; mso-list: l1="l1"  level1="level1"  lfo1; tab-stops: list="list"  18.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(2)<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">线路损耗低<span lang="EN-US">,</span>传输距离远。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  18pt; mso-list: l1="l1"  level1="level1"  lfo1; tab-stops: list="list"  18.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(3)<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">抗干扰能力强<span lang="EN-US">,</span>应用范围广。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  18pt; mso-list: l1="l1"  level1="level1"  lfo1; tab-stops: list="list"  18.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(4)<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">线径细<span lang="EN-US">,</span>重量轻。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  18pt; mso-list: l1="l1"  level1="level1"  lfo1; tab-stops: list="list"  18.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(5)<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">抗化学腐蚀能力强。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  18pt; mso-list: l1="l1"  level1="level1"  lfo1; tab-stops: list="list"  18.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(6)<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光纤制造资源丰富。 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">在网络工程中<span lang="EN-US">,</span>一般用<span lang="EN-US">62.5μm/125μm</span>规格的多模光纤<span lang="EN-US">,</span>有时也用<span lang="EN-US">100μm/125μm</span>和<span lang="EN-US">100μm/140μm</span>规格的光纤。户外布线大于<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2" unitname="公里"><span lang="EN-US">2</span>公里</st1:chmetcnv>时可选用单模光纤。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光缆的种类:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -21.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  21.55pt; mso-list: l0="l0"  level1="level1"  lfo2; tab-stops: list="list"  21.55pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">敷设的方式分有:自承式架空光缆,管道光缆,铠装直埋光缆和海底光缆。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -21.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  21.55pt; mso-list: l0="l0"  level1="level1"  lfo2; tab-stops: list="list"  21.55pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">光缆结构分有:束管式光缆,层绞式光缆,紧抱式光缆,带式光缆,非金属光缆和可分支光缆。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -21.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  21.55pt; mso-list: l0="l0"  level1="level1"  lfo2; tab-stops: list="list"  21.55pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">按用途分有:长途通讯用光缆、短途室外光缆、混合光缆和建筑物室内用光缆。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  42pt; mso-list: l0="l0"  level2="level2"  lfo2; tab-stops: list="list"  42.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1)<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">中心束管式铠类光缆(<span lang="EN-US">GYXTW</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"  0cm="0cm"  0pt="0pt"  42pt; mso-list: l0="l0"  level2="level2"  lfo2; tab-stops: list="list"  42.0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2)<span style="FONT: 7pt="7pt"  'Times New="New"  Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">中心束管式非铠类光缆(<span lang="EN-US">GYXTY</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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