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标题:
特性阻抗之诠释与测试
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作者:
kfap20
时间:
2009-2-28 12:04
标题:
特性阻抗之诠释与测试
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">特性阻抗之诠释与测试</span><span lang="EN-US"> <br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">一</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">前言 </span><span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">抽象又复杂的数字高速逻辑原理,与传输线中方波讯号的如何传送,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">以及如何确保其讯号完整性(</span><span lang="EN-US">Signal Integrity</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">),降低其噪声(</span><span lang="EN-US">Noise</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)减少之误动作等专业表达,若能以简单的生活实例加以说明,而非动则搬来一堆数学公式与难懂的物理语言者,则对新手或隔行者之启迪与造福,实有事半功倍举重若轻之受用也。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> 然而,众多本科专业者,甚至杏坛为师的博士教授们,不知是否尚未真正进入情况不知其所以然?亦或是刻意卖弄所知以慑服受教者则不得而知,或是二者心态兼有之!坊间大量书籍期刊文章,多半也都言不及义缺图少例,确实让人雾里看花,看懂了反倒奇怪呢!</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> <br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">二</span><span lang="EN-US"> .</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">将讯号的传输看成软管送水浇花</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>2.1 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">数字系统之多层板讯号线(</span><span lang="EN-US">Signal Line</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)中,当出现方波讯号的传输时,可将之假想成为软管(</span><span lang="EN-US">hose</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)送水浇花。一端于手握处加压使其射出水柱,另一端接在水龙头。当握管处所施压的力道恰好,而让水柱的射程正确洒落在目标区时,则施与受两者皆欢而顺利完成使命,岂非一种得心应手的小小成就?</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>2.2 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">然而一旦用力过度水注射程太远,不但腾空越过目标浪费水资源,甚至还可能因强力水压无处宣泄,以致往来源反弹造成软管自龙头上的挣脱</span><span lang="EN-US">!</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">不仅任务失败横生挫折,而且还大捅纰漏满脸豆花呢!</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>2.3 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">反之,当握处之挤压不足以致射程太近者,则照样得不到想要的结果。过犹不及皆非所欲,唯有恰到好处才能正中下怀皆大欢喜。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>2.4 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">上述简单的生活细节,正可用以说明方波(</span><span lang="EN-US">Square Wave</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)讯号(</span><span lang="EN-US">Signal</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)在多层板传输线(</span><span lang="EN-US">Transmission Line</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,系由讯号线、介质层、及接地层三者所共同组成)中所进行的快速传送。此时可将传输线(常见者有同轴电缆</span><span lang="EN-US">Coaxial Cable</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,与微带线</span><span lang="EN-US">Microstrip Line</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">或带线</span><span lang="EN-US">Strip Line</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">等)看成软管,而握管处所施加的压力,就好比板面上</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">接受端</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Receiver</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)组件所并联到</span><span lang="EN-US">Gnd</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">的电阻器一般(是五种终端技术之一,请另见</span><span lang="EN-US">TPCA</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">会刊第</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">期</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">内嵌式电阻器之发展</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">一文之详细说明),可用以调节其终点的特性阻抗(</span><span lang="EN-US">Characteristic Impedance</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">),使匹配接受端组件内部的需求。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">三</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">传输线之终端控管技术(</span><span lang="EN-US">Termination</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>3.1 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">由上可知当</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">讯号</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">在传输线中飞驰旅行而到达终点,欲进入接受组件(如</span><span lang="EN-US">CPU</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">或</span><span lang="EN-US">Menomery</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">等大小不同的</span><span lang="EN-US">IC</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)中工作时,则该讯号线本身所具备的</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">特性阻抗</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,必须要与终端组件内部的电子阻抗相互匹配才行,如此才不致任务失败白忙一场。用术语说就是</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">正确执行指令,减少噪声干扰,避免错误动作</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">。一旦彼此未能匹配时,则必将会有少许能量回头朝向</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">发送端</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">反弹,进而形成反射噪声(</span><span lang="EN-US">Noise</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)的烦恼。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/><br/> <br/>3.2 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">当传输线本身的特性阻抗(</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)被设计者订定为</span><span lang="EN-US">28ohm</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">时,则终端控管的接地的电阻器(</span><span lang="EN-US">Zt</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)也必须是</span><span lang="EN-US">28ohm</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,如此才能协助传输线对</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">的保持,使整体得以稳定在</span><span lang="EN-US">28 ohm</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">的设计数值。也唯有在此种</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0=Zt</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">的匹配情形下,讯号的传输才会最具效率,其</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">讯号完整性</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Signal Integrity</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,为讯号品质之专用术语)也才最好。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">四</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">特性阻抗(</span><span lang="EN-US">Characteristic Impedance</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>4.1 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">当某讯号方波,在传输线组合体的讯号线中,以高准位(</span><span lang="EN-US">High Level</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)的正压讯号向前推进时,则距其最近的参考层(如接地层)中,理论上必有被该电场所感应出来的负压讯号伴随前行(等于正压讯号反向的回归路径</span><span lang="EN-US">Return Path</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">),如此将可完成整体性的回路(</span><span lang="EN-US">Loop</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)系统。该</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">讯号</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">前行中若将其飞行时间暂短加以冻结,即可想象其所遭受到来自讯号线、介质层与参考层等所共同呈现的瞬间阻抗值(</span><span lang="EN-US">Instantanious Impedance</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">),此即所谓的</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">特性阻抗</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">。 是故该</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">特性阻抗</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">应与讯号线之线宽(</span><span lang="EN-US">w</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)、线厚(</span><span lang="EN-US">t</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)、介质厚度(</span><span lang="EN-US">h</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)与介质常数(</span><span lang="EN-US">Dk</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)都扯上了关系。此种传输线之一的微带线其图标与计算公式如下:【笔者注】</span><span lang="EN-US">Dk</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Dielectric Constant</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)之正确译词应为介质常数,原文中之</span><span lang="EN-US">...r</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">其实应称做</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">相对容电率</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Relative Permitivity </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)才对。后者是从平行金属板电容器的立场看事情。由于其更接近事实,因而近年来许多重要规范(如</span><span lang="EN-US">IPC-6012</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US">IPC-4101</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US">IPC-2141</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">与</span><span lang="EN-US">IEC-326</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)等都已改称为</span><span lang="EN-US">... r</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">了。且原图中的</span><span lang="EN-US">E</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">并不正确,应为希腊字母</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Episolon</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)才对。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/><br/> <br/>4.2 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">阻抗匹配不良的后果 由于高频讯号的</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">特性阻抗</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)原词甚长,故一般均简称之为</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">阻抗</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">。读者千万要小心,此与低频</span><span lang="EN-US">AC</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">交流电(</span><span lang="EN-US">60Hz</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)其电线(并非传输线)中,所出现的阻抗值(</span><span lang="EN-US">Z</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)并不完全相同。数字系统当整条传输线的</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">都能管理妥善,而控制在某一范围内(</span><span lang="EN-US">±10</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">﹪或</span><span lang="EN-US"> ±5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">﹪)者,此品质良好的传输线,将可使得噪声减少而误动作也可避免。 但当上述微带线中</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">的四种变量(</span><span lang="EN-US">w</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US">t</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US">h</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US"> r</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)有任一项发生异常,例如图中的讯号线出现缺口时,将使得原来的</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">突然上升(见上述公式中之</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">与</span><span lang="EN-US">W</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">成反比的事实),而无法继续维持应有的稳定均匀(</span><span lang="EN-US">Continuous</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)时,则其讯号的能量必然会发生部分前进,而部分却反弹反射的缺失。如此将无法避免噪声及误动作了。下图中的软管突然被山崎的儿子踩住,造成软管两端都出现异常,正好可说明上述特性阻抗匹配不良的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>4.3 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">阻抗匹配不良造成噪声 上述部分讯号能量的反弹,将造成原来良好品质的方波讯号,立即出现异常的变形(即发生高准位向上的</span><span lang="EN-US">Overshoot</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,与低准位向下的</span><span lang="EN-US">Undershoot</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,以及二者后续的</span><span lang="EN-US">Ringing</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">;详细内容另见</span><span lang="EN-US">TPCA</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">会刊第</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">期</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">嵌入式电容器</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">之内文)。此等高频噪声严重时还会引发误动作,而且当时脉速度愈快时噪声愈多也愈容易出错。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">五</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">特性阻抗的测试</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>5.1 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">采</span><span lang="EN-US">TDR</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">的量测</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> 由上述可知整体传输线中的特性阻抗值,不但须保持均匀性,而且还要使其数值落在设计者的要求的公差范围内。其一般性的量测方法,就是使用</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">时域反射仪</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Time Domain Reflectometry</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">;</span><span lang="EN-US">TDR </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)。此</span><span lang="EN-US">TDR</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">可产生一种梯阶波(</span><span lang="EN-US">Step Pulse</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">或</span><span lang="EN-US">Step Wave</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">),并使之送入待测的传输线中而成为入射波(</span><span lang="EN-US">Incident Wave</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)。于是当其讯号线在线宽上发生宽窄的变化时,则萤光幕上也会出现</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">欧姆值的上下起伏振荡。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/>5.2 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">低频无须量测</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,高速才会用到</span><span lang="EN-US">TDR</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> 当讯号方波的波长(</span><span lang="EN-US">λ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">读音</span><span lang="EN-US">Lambda</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)远超过板面线路之长度时,则无需考虑到反射与阻抗控制等高速领域中的麻烦问题。例如早期</span><span lang="EN-US">1989</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">年速度不快的</span><span lang="EN-US">CPU</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,其时脉速率仅</span><span lang="EN-US">10MHz</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">而已,当然不会发生各种讯号传输的复杂问题。然而,目前的</span><span lang="EN-US">Pentium </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">Ⅳ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">其内频却已高达</span><span lang="EN-US">1.7GHz</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">自然就会问题丛生,相较当年之巨大差异,岂仅是霄壤云泥而已!由波动公式可知上述当年</span><span lang="EN-US">10MHz</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">方波之波长为:</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> 但当</span><span lang="EN-US">DRAM</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">芯片组的时脉速率已跃升到</span><span lang="EN-US">800MHz</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,其方波之波长亦将缩短到</span><span lang="EN-US">37.5cm</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">;而</span><span lang="EN-US">P-4 CPU</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">之速度更高达</span><span lang="EN-US">1.7GHz</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">其波长更短到</span><span lang="EN-US">17.6cm</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,则其</span><span lang="EN-US">PCB</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">母板上两者之间传输的外频,也将加速到</span><span lang="EN-US">400MHz</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">与波长</span><span lang="EN-US">75cm</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">之境界。可知此等封装载板(</span><span lang="EN-US">Substrate</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)中的线长,甚至母板上的的线长等,均已逼近到了讯号的波长,当然就必须要重视传输线效应,也必须要用到</span><span lang="EN-US">TDR</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">的测量了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> <br/>5.3 TDR</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">由来已久</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> 利用时域反射仪量测传输线的特性阻抗(</span><span lang="EN-US">Z</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">0)值,此举并非新兴事物。早年即曾用以监视海底电缆(</span><span lang="EN-US">Submarine Cable</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)的安全,随时注意其是否发生传输品质上的</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">不连续(</span><span lang="EN-US">Disconnection</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)的问题。目前才逐渐使用于高速计算机领域与高频通讯范畴中。</span><span lang="EN-US">5.4 CPU</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">载板的</span><span lang="EN-US">TDR</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">测试</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> 主动组件之封装(</span><span lang="EN-US">Packaging</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)技术近年来不断全面翻新加速进步,</span><span lang="EN-US">70</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">年代的</span><span lang="EN-US">C-DIP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">与</span><span lang="EN-US">P-DIP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">双排脚的插孔焊装(</span><span lang="EN-US">PTH</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">),目前几已绝迹。</span><span lang="EN-US">80</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">年金属脚架(</span><span lang="EN-US">Lead Frame</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)的</span><span lang="EN-US">QFP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(四边伸脚)或</span><span lang="EN-US">PLCC</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(四边勾脚)者,亦渐从</span><span lang="EN-US">HDI</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">板类或手执机种中迅速减少。代之而起的是有机板材的底面格列(</span><span lang="EN-US">Area Array</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)球脚式的</span><span lang="EN-US">BGA</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">或</span><span lang="EN-US">CSP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">,或无脚的</span><span lang="EN-US">LGA</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">。甚至连芯片(</span><span lang="EN-US">Chip</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)对载板(</span><span lang="EN-US">Substract</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)的彼此互连(</span><span lang="EN-US">Interconnection</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">),也从打金线(</span><span lang="EN-US">Wire Bond</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)进步到路径更短更直接的</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">覆晶</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Flip Chip; FC</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)技术,整体电子工业冲锋之快几乎已到了瞬息万变!</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> 在</span><span lang="EN-US">CCD</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">摄影镜头监视平台的</span><span lang="EN-US">XY</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">位移,及</span><span lang="EN-US">Laser</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">高低感知器督察</span><span lang="EN-US">Z</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">方向的落差落点,此等双重精确定位与找点,再加上可旋转式接触式测针之协同合作下,得以避免再使用传统缆线、连接器、与开关等中介的麻烦,大幅减少</span><span lang="EN-US">TDR</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">量测的误差。如此已使得</span><span lang="EN-US">“1109 HiTESTER”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">在封装载板上对</span><span lang="EN-US">Z0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">的量测,远比其它方法更为精确。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> 实际上其测头组合,是采用一种四方向的探针组(每个方向分别又有</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">个</span><span lang="EN-US">Signal</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">及</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">个</span><span lang="EN-US">Gnd</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">)。在</span><span lang="EN-US">CCD</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">一面监视一面进行量测下,其数据当然就会更为准确。且温度变化所带来的任何误差,也可在标准值陶瓷卡板的自动校正下减到最低。</span><span lang="EN-US">5.5 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">精确俐落大小咸宜</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'"> </span></p>
作者:
kfap20
时间:
2009-2-28 12:06
<p>其实线材的<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New" Roman'">阻抗是我们在布线的过程中所必要考虑到的一个问题</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
作者:
ltzh2030
时间:
2009-3-27 08:40
<p>学习学习</p>
作者:
hamke1983
时间:
2009-4-2 22:46
hao dongxi
作者:
ycdjw
时间:
2009-4-3 13:31
<p>好!!</p>
<p> </p>
作者:
soooooo
时间:
2009-11-10 11:15
学习了,感谢
作者:
rdkm
时间:
2009-11-10 15:36
这也是许多假模块、线缆、制作工艺低下,选材质量差,造成测试通不过的原因之一。
作者:
molindsl
时间:
2010-11-4 16:34
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: break-word; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; OVERFLOW: hidden; WORD-BREAK: break-all" id="textstyle_21">我也相知道,学习一下 </div><br/>
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